Genealogy of Materialism: Why Spinoza Is the True Successor to Democritus
From my perspective, rather than placing him in the ambiguous category of pantheism, it would be better to state clearly that he was an atheist. Insofar as he denied the personal God of Christianity and proceeded from a monism where everything is nature — rather than from a conflict between good and evil — he was clearly a materialist, reminiscent of Democritus in ancient Greece.
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Of course, while he can be considered the father of modern rationalism leading to Descartes, it seems wiser to view him as a return to ancient Greece in a Europe that was enveloped by Christian monotheism.
However, if we look at what he ultimately wanted to convey in his Ethics, it was the ultimate question of how human beings can achieve happiness. In that sense, he was, without a doubt, a pragmatist.
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